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1. A novel is a book of long narrative in literary prose. The genre
has historical roots both in the fields of the medieval and early
modern romance and in the tradition of the novella. The latter supplied
the present generic term in the late 18th century.
The present English (and Spanish) word derives from the Italian novella
for "new", "news", or "short story of something new", itself from the
Latin novella, a singular noun use of the neuter plural of novellus,
diminutive of novus, meaning "new". Most European languages have
preserved the term "romance" (as in French and German "Roman", and in
Portuguese "Romance") for extended narratives.The English and Spanish
decisions came with the 17th-century fashion of shorter exemplary
histories.
a. Mystery
Mystery fiction is a loosely-defined term that is often used as a
synonym for detective fiction or crime fiction— in other words a Italic
text novel or short story in which a detective (either professional or
amateur) investigates and solves a crime. Sometimes mystery books are
nonfiction. The term "mystery fiction" may sometimes be limited to the
subset of detective stories in which the emphasis is on the puzzle
element and its logical solution (cf. whodunit), as a contrast to
hardboiled detective stories, which focus on action and gritty realism.
However, in more general usage "mystery" may be used to describe any
form of crime scene fiction, even if there is no mystery to be solved.
For example : Harry Potter by J.K Rowling
a. Romance
The romance novel is a literary genre developed in Western culture,
mainly in English-speaking countries. Novels in this genre place their
primary focus on the relationship and romantic love between two people,
and must have an "emotionally satisfying and optimistic ending." Through
the late 20th and early 21st centuries, these novels are commercially
in two main varieties: category romances, which are shorter books with a
one-month shelf-life, and single-title romances, which are generally
longer with a longer shelf-life. For example: Romeo and Juliet by
Shakespeare.
b. Detective
The detective story is a genre of fiction in which a detective, either
an amateur or a professional, solves a crime or a series of crimes.
Because detective stories rely on logic, supernatural elements rarely
come into play. The detective may be a private investigator, a
policeman, an elderly widow, or a young girl, but he or she generally
has nothing material to gain from solving the crime. Subgenres include
the cozy and the hard-boiled detective story. For example: Sherlock
Holmes
2. Historical fiction tells a story that is set in the past. That
setting is usually real and drawn from history, and often contains
actual historical persons, but the principal characters tend to be
fictional. Writers of stories in this genre, while penning fiction,
attempt to capture the manners and social conditions of the persons or
time(s) presented in the story, with due attention paid to period detail
and fidelity. Historical fiction is found in books, magazines, art,
television, film, theater, and other media.
Historical fiction presents readers with a story that takes place during
a notable period in history, and usually during a significant event in
that period. Historical fiction often presents actual events from the
point of view of fictional people living in that time period.
In some historical fiction, famous events appear from points of view not
recorded in history, with fictional characters either observing or
actively participating in these actual events. Historical figures are
also often shown dealing with these events while depicting them in a way
that has not been previously recorded. Other times, a historical event
is used to complement a story's narrative, occurring in the background
while characters deal with situations (personal or otherwise) wholly
unrelated to that historical event. Sometimes, the names of people and
places have been in some way altered. For examples: Magic Tree House
series, The King of Mazy May.
3. A fable is a very short story which promises to illustrate or
teach us a lesson which is also called a moral. Usually if not always,
fables are stories having animal characters that talk like humans. Many
common sayings come from Aesops Fables like "Honesty is the best
policy," and "Look before you leap" are familiar examples of fables.
Aesop is believed to have been a Greek slave who made up these stories.
Nobody is really sure if Aesop made up these fables. What is certain,
however, is that the Aesop's Fables are timeless. They are so wonderful
that they have been told over and over again for several thousand years.
Here are some of the most popular fables of all times I hope you like
them.
A fable is a short allegorical tale emphasizing on a moral or any
principle of behavior. The characters of fables are usually animals that
portray like human beings, though they keep their animal traits intact.
The moral of these fables is highlighted towards the end of the story
in the form of a proverb and is generally enacted. The oldest fables
describe stories of why crows are black, or why different animals
display different characteristics, such as a sly fox, a dignified lion,
and so on. The earliest fables came from Greece and India, while the
oldest Western fables were those of Aesop.
4. A fairy tale is a story intended for children, often involving
some fanciful creature or extraordinary adventure. Contemporary fairy
tales often have a moral or ethical undercurrent to the story, a
"lesson" to be learned. A technical definition of fairy tales from
yourDictionary.com says that they are a "fanciful tale of legendary
deeds and creatures, usually intended for children.
Stories of kings, princesses, poor farmers, and queens are not new to
any one of us. They are generally guided by supernatural or magical
events that fascinate us to get engrossed in them. These short stories
are nothing but fairy tales. They are distinguished by generalized
characters without being individualized or localized; thus, the names ‘a
king’, ‘a queen’, ‘a poor farmer’, and ‘a princess’. Fairy tales begin
with misfortunes graduating towards undergoing adventures and solving
mysteries, and ending in a happily-ever-after mode, thereby rewarding
the virtue. These stories often revolve around charms, magic, disguise,
and spells. Hans Christian Andersen (Danish), Basile (Italian), the
Grimm Brothers (German), Perrault (French), and Keightley and Croker
(English) are known to create some of the most famous collections of
fairy tales.
5. A short story is fictional work of prose that is shorter in length than a novel
Because of the shorter length, a short story usually focuses on one
plot, one main character (with a few additional minor characters), and
one central theme, whereas a novel can tackle multiple plots and themes,
with a variety of prominent characters.
What are some of the elements that make up a good story?
a) A short story is a piece of prose fiction which can be read at a single sitting.
b) It ought to combine matter-of-fact description with poetic atmosphere.
c) It ought to present a unified impression of temper, tone, colour, and effect.
d) It mostly shows a decisive moment of life (which can entail a fatal blow).
e) There is often little action, hardly any character development, but we get a snapshot of life.
f) Its plot is not very complex (in contrast to the novel), but it
creates a unified impression and leaves us with a vivid sensation rather
than a number of remembered facts.
g) There is a close connection between the short story and the poem as there is both a unique union of idea and structure.
The short story is a piece of art that tries to give us a specified
impression of the world we live in. It aims to produce a single
narrative effect with the greatest economy of means and utmost emphasis.
NON-FICTION
1. An essay is a short piece of writing which is often written
from an author's personal point of view. Essays can consist of a number
of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos,
learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and
reflections of the author. The definition of an essay is vague,
overlapping with those of an article and a short story. Almost all
modern essays are written in prose, but works in verse have been dubbed
essays (e.g. Alexander Pope's An Essay on Criticism and An Essay on
Man). While brevity usually defines an essay, voluminous works like John
Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Thomas Malthus's An
Essay on the Principle of Population provide counterexamples.
In some countries (e.g., in the United States), essays have become a
major part of formal education. Secondary students are taught structured
essay formats to improve their writing skills, and admission essays are
often used by universities in selecting applicants and, in the
humanities and social sciences, as a way of assessing the performance of
students during final exams. The concept of an "essay" has been
extended to other mediums beyond writing. A film essay is a movie that
often incorporates documentary film making styles and which focuses more
on the evolution of a theme or an idea. A photographic essay is an
attempt to cover a topic with a linked series of photographs; it may or
may not have an accompanying text or captions.
2. In a sense, autobiography (from the Greek eauton = self, bios =
life and graphein = write) is a form of biography, the writing of a
life story. The difference, of course, is point of view: an
autobiography is from the viewpoint of its subject. Biographers
generally rely on a wide variety of documents and viewpoints; an
autobiography may be based entirely on the writer's memory. A name for
such a work in Antiquity was an apologia, essentially more
self-justification than introspection. John Henry Newman's autobiography
is his Apologia pro vita sua. Augustine applied the title Confessions
to his autobiographical work (and Jean-Jacques Rousseau took up the same
title). The pagan rhetor Libanius framed his life memoir as one of his
orations, not the public kind, but the literary kind that would be read
aloud in the privacy of one's study.
A memoir is slightly different from an autobiography. Where an
autobiography focuses on the "life and times" of the character, a memoir
has a narrower, more intimate focus on his or her own memories,
feelings and emotions.
For example, the autobiography of an American Civil War general might
include sections on the nature of slavery, the origins of the Civil War,
and the political career of Abraham Lincoln. But the memoir of a Civil
War general would focus on his personal reasons for joining the battle,
the effect of the war on his mind and soul, and the joy and fear he felt
on the battlefield.
3. Journals
A journal is a continued series of writings made by a person in response
to their life experiences and events. Diaries contain a description of
daily events. A journal may include those descriptions, but it also
contains reflections on what took place and expresses emotions and
understandings about them. It doesn't matter what you call your writing,
either a diary or journal, as long as you see the distinction between
these two ways of writing.
4. Articles
Article must be fresh and written on subject or product which we wish to
describe. Article writing service must be done by good writer who have
strong knowledge in subject or products it describes.
Example: Computers and Education in America-In the last decade,
computers have invaded every aspect of education, from kindergarten
through college. The figures show that schools have spent over two
billion dollars installing two million new computers. Recently, with the
explosive increase of sites on the Internet, computers have taken
another dramatic rise. In just five years, the number of Internet hosts
has skyrocketed from 2 million to nearly 20 million.
ELEMENT OF PROSE
1. Theme: The overall idea of what is the story all about.
Ideas, or thoughts that underlie a major literary work is called a
theme. The theme is something that became the basis of the story,
something that permeates the story, or something that the subject matter
in the story.
The theme is the soul of all parts of the story. Therefore, the theme
became the basis for developing the whole story. Theme in many ways is
"binding" the presence or absence of events, conflicts and situations,
including also various other intrinsic elements.
The theme is stated explicitly that (mentioned) and some are declared implicitly (without mention but understood).
In determining the theme, the author is influenced by several factors,
among others: personal interests, tastes of readers, and wishes the
publisher or ruler.
In a literary work, besides there is a central theme, often there is
also the theme side. The central theme is a theme that became the center
of a whole series of events in the story. The theme is a byproduct of
other themes that accompany the central theme.
2. Setting: Refers to the place and time.
Setting is all the information, instructions, reference in respect of
time, space, atmosphere, and the situation of the events in the story.
Setting can be divided into three main elements:
a. Setting places, referring to the location of the events recounted in a work of fiction.
b. Setting of time, dealing with the problem of 'when' the occurrence of the events recounted in a work of fiction.
c. Social setting, refer to matters relating to social behavior in a
place that is told in a work of fiction. Social background could include
living habits, customs, traditions, beliefs, outlook on life, ways of
thinking and being, and social status.
3. Plot: Plot is a sequence or series of incidents in the story. Plot can be constructed based on three things:
a. Based on the order time (chronology). plot is so-called linear plot.
b. Based on the causal relationship (causal). Plot is so-called causal flow.
c. Based on the theme of the story. The flow is so-called thematic
groove. In the grooved thematic story, every event as if it stood
alone. If one episode removed the story can still be understood.
d. The plot structure is as follows:
1. The initial part consists of: 1) exposition, 2) stimulation , and 3) rising action.
2. The middle part, consisting of: 4) conflict, 5) complication, and 6) climax.
3. The final section, consisting of: 7) falling action, and 8 counclusion.
In building a plot, there are some important factors to consider for a dynamic flow. Important factors are:
1. Probability factor. That is, the events of the story should not always be realistic but it makes sense.
2. Surprise factor. That is, the events should not be directly predictable / recognized by the reader.
3. Coincidence factor. Namely unexpected events occur, by chance happen.
The combination or variation of the three factors that cause flow tersebutlah become dynamic.
The thing that should be avoided in the groove is aberration (digresi).
Aberration is the events or episodes that are not associated with the
core story or deviate from the subject matter at hand in the story.
Arrangement of events in the story. Under plot , it have:
A. Introduction
b. Conflict
c. Climax
d. Falling action
e. Resolution
TYPES OF PLOT:
A. Circular: Flashback
b. Linear: Foreshadowing
c. In medias res: In the middle of the things
4. Characters, under characters it have:
A. Protagonist: Actor/ bida
b. Antagonist: Enemy/ contrabida
5. Conflict
a. Man vs. Man
b. Man vs. Nature
c. Man vs. Society
d. Man vs. Himself
6. Point of view
a. First person
b. Third person Anonymous
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